Source type | Audience | Type of information | Purpose |
Encyclopedia/Reference source | general audience with little or no prior knowledge of topic | widely accepted factual information | to educate readers new to a topic; to provide overview and background information |
News/Magazine (in print and online) |
general audience who does not need prior knowledge of the topic OR general audience with no or little prior knowledge of the topic |
the most current information that is known at the time the article was published usually short articles that cover a topic on the surface without a lot of depth or background OR information and opinions about popular topics, current events, and social issues short articles are on a surface level; longer articles may go more in-depth or cover a wide variety of perspectives on the topic |
to inform readers about current events and issues usually at a surface level OR to inform and potentially persuade an audience that has a particular interest in the topic or subject area to provide an overview of many aspects of a broad topic |
Scholarly/peer reviewed journal (in library database or on the internet) |
academic audience of scholars and experts in a field |
articles written by scholars for other scholars often on a very narrow topic articles are often peer-reviewed, or reviewed by other experts in the field for quality, originality, and value to the scholarly conversation on the topic |
to share the results of a research study or in-depth analysis of an issue with other scholars to participate in a scholarly conversation about a topic of research interest to the author |
Academic book or ebook | general or academic audience, depending on the complexity of the book; individuals who have a particular interest in the topic |
depending on the book, information may be written for novices or people who are new to the topic; vocabulary will be defined and main concepts will be fully explained more advanced academic books intended for other scholars will use more sophisticated language and specialized vocabulary; ideas will be explored in depth and existing research will be referenced; new research or ideas may be presented in full detail and connected to existing research or theory |
to cover a broad topic comprehensively or to delve into finer details of a complex topic that can only be addressed in a lengthy work |